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<title>Apollo Applications Program</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apollo Applications Program</span></span>

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<p>

The <b>Apollo Applications Program</b> (<b>AAP</b>) was created as early as 1966 by <a href="NASA_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA headquarters">NASA headquarters</a> to develop <a href="Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">science</a>-based <a href="Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> missions using hardware developed for the <a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>. AAP was the ultimate development of a number of official and unofficial Apollo follow-on projects studied at various NASA labs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the AAP's ambitious initial plans became an early casualty when the <a href="Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson Administration</a> declined to support it fully in order to remain within a $100 billion budget. Thus, Fiscal Year 1967 ultimately allocated $80 million to the AAP, compared to NASA's preliminary estimates of $450 million necessary to fund a full-scale AAP program for that year, with over $1 billion being required for FY 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AAP eventually led to <a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>, which absorbed much of what had been developed under Apollo Applications.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div>

<p>NASA management was concerned about losing the 400,000 workers involved in Apollo after landing on the Moon in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>, head of NASA's <a href="Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> during the 1960s, advocated for a smaller space station (after his large one was not built) to provide his employees with work beyond developing the Saturn rockets, which would be completed relatively early during Project Apollo.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA originally set up the Apollo Logistic Support System Office to study various ways to modify the Apollo hardware for scientific missions. The AAP office was initially an offshoot of the Apollo "X" bureau, also known as the Apollo Extension Series. AES was developing technology concepts for proposed missions based on the <a href="Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> and <a href="Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> boosters. These included a crewed <a href="Lunar_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar base">lunar base</a>, an Earth-orbiting <a href="Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a>, the so-called <a href="Planetary_Grand_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> of the <a href="Outer_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Solar System">Outer Solar System</a>, and the original <a href="Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager program</a> of Mars Lander probes.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AES_(Apollo_Extension_Series)_Lunar_Base">AES (Apollo Extension Series) Lunar Base</h3></div>

<p>The Apollo <a href="Lunar_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar base">lunar base</a> proposal saw an uncrewed Saturn V used to land a shelter based on the <a href="Apollo_Command/Service_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Command/Service Module">Apollo Command/Service Module</a> (CSM) on the Moon. A second Saturn V would carry a three-person crew and a modified CSM and <a href="Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> (LM) to the Moon. The two-person excursion team would have a surface stay time of nearly 200 days and use of an advanced <a href="Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">lunar rover</a> and a <a href="Lunar_Escape_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Escape Systems">lunar flier</a> as well as logistics vehicles to construct a larger shelter. The isolation of the CSM pilot was a concern for mission planners, so proposals that it would be a three-person landing team or that the CSM would rendezvous with an orbiting module were considered.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evolution">Evolution</h4></div>

<p>The following phases were considered:

</p>

<ul><li>Phase 1: 1969-1971: This "Apollo Phase" commenced with the first lunar landing and continued for four missions, or until sufficient experience had been achieved to allow the next phase to commence. As actually flown by NASA, these missions corresponded to <a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> to <a href="Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>.</li>

<li>Phase 2: 1972 to 1973: This Lunar Exploration Phase would commence about two years after Apollo and consisted of four flights of the Extended Lunar Module (ELM), a modification of basic <a href="Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> hardware. ELM missions extended lunar stay time to 3 or 4 days with landed payloads approaching 450 kg. This scenario corresponded to <a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> to <a href="Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> as flown.</li>

<li>Phase 3: 1974: A single Lunar Orbital Survey Mission was indicated after the Lunar Surface Exploration phase and would be the end of the initial buy of Apollo spacecraft. This 28-day lunar polar orbit mission would be flown after the Apollos and ELMs, in order to have several "ground-truth" sites.</li>

<li>Phase 4: 1975-1976: This Lunar Surface Rendezvous and Exploration Phase nominally consisted of two dual-launch missions. A Lunar Payload Module (LPM - essentially the LM Truck of earlier studies) would be delivered by an uncrewed cargo carrier to the surface and provide a rendezvous target for a crewed ELM that would arrive up to 3 months later. The Apollo LM Shelter was essentially an Apollo LM with ascent stage engine and fuel tanks removed and replaced with consumables and scientific equipment for 14 days' extended lunar exploration.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Associated_vehicles">Associated vehicles</h4></div>

<p>The Apollo LM Taxi was essentially the basic Apollo LM modified for extended lunar surface stays. This was expected to be the workhorse of both Apollo Applications Extended Lunar Surface Missions beginning in 1970 and to larger Lunar Exploration System for Apollo in the mid-to-late 1970s.

</p><p>The Apollo LM Shelter was essentially an Apollo LM with ascent stage engine and fuel tanks removed and replaced with consumables and scientific equipment for 14 days' extended lunar exploration.

</p><p>The MOBEV F2B was a multi-person surface-to-surface flying vehicle.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LESA_(Lunar_Exploration_System_for_Apollo)_Lunar_Base">LESA (Lunar Exploration System for Apollo) Lunar Base</h3></div>

<p>The basic Apollo hardware would evolve into AES (Apollo Extension Systems), followed by ALSS (Apollo Logistics Support System), and then LESA (Lunar Exploration System for Apollo). The result would be ever-expanding permanent stations on the Moon.

</p><p>LESA (Lunar Exploration System for Apollo) represented the last lunar base concept studied by NASA prior to the cancellation of further Saturn V production. LESA would use a new Lunar Landing Vehicle to land payloads on the lunar surface and extended CSM and LM Taxi hardware derived from the basic Apollo program would allow crews to be rotated to the ever-expanding, and eventually permanent, lunar base. A nuclear reactor would provide power.

</p><p>Phases:

</p>

<ul><li>2 men/2 days - Apollo</li>

<li>2 men/14 days - AES - LM Shelter (2050 kg surface payload - LEM Shelter)</li>

<li>2 men/14 to 30 days - ALSS with shelter or MOLAB (4100 kg surface payload)</li>

<li>2-3 men/14 to 30 days - ALSS with a LASSO shelter or larger MOLAB (7900 kg surface payload)</li>

<li>3 men/90 days - LESA I (10,500 kg surface payload)</li>

<li>3 men/90 days - LESA I + MOLAB (12,500 kg surface payload)</li>

<li>6 men/180 days - LESA II with shelter and extended-range roving vehicle (25,000 kg surface payload)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_Escape_Systems">Lunar Escape Systems</h3></div>

<p>To support longer stays on the Moon, NASA also studied <a href="Lunar_Escape_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Escape Systems">Lunar Escape Systems</a> as a means of returning two astronauts from the lunar surface to an orbiting CSM if the <a href="Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> ascent-stage engine failed to ignite.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manned_Venus_Flyby">Manned Venus Flyby</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Manned_Venus_Flyby" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned Venus Flyby">Manned Venus Flyby</a></div>

<p>Another plan for Apollo-based extended-duration crewed spaceflight would use a <a href="Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> to send three men on a <a href="Manned_Venus_Flyby" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned Venus Flyby">Manned Venus Flyby</a>, using the Saturn <a href="S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> stage as a "<a href="Wet_workshop" title="Wet workshop">wet workshop</a>". First the <a href="S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> would boost itself and the Apollo CSM on a trajectory that would pass by Venus and return to Earth, then any remaining fuel would be vented to space, after which the astronauts would live in the empty fuel tanks until they separated from the <a href="S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> shortly before reentry on their return to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div>

<p>When procurement of Saturn Vs other than those required for the lunar landing was stopped in 1968, focus shifted to AAP. Aside from attempting to show that Apollo presented value for money, NASA and the main contractors of <a href="Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a>, <a href="North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> and <a href="Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">Rockwell</a> also hoped to put off the inevitable scaling down of staff and facilities following the completion of the first Moon landing.

</p><p>Three AAP proposals were selected for development:

</p>

<ul><li>The <a href="Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mission</a> would be an Earth-orbiting mission for <a href="Sun#Solar_space_missions" title="Sun">solar observation</a>. The telescope would be based on a modified Lunar Module ascent stage, and launched using a S-IVB. The telescope would be docked to a CSM with a three-person crew. Solar panels on the telescope would provide additional power, allowing an extended mission of 21–28 days. The telescope module would include a pressurized compartment providing additional living and workspace for the crew.</li>

<li>The Apollo Manned Survey Mission proposed an Earth-observation science module also based on the LM ascent stage, and would also have been launched using a S-IVB vehicle into a high-inclination orbit. It was also proposed that a surplus Saturn V would launch a crewed lunar survey mission to establish suitable sites for later crewed landings.</li>

<li>The <a href="Wet_workshop" title="Wet workshop">wet workshop</a> <a href="Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> concept provided for a low-budget Earth orbiting station. The original plan, as proposed by <a href="Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>, used the <a href="S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a> stage as the primary structure of the station, with the area normally filled by the S-IVB stage replaced with an equipment carrier. These plans were modified to use the S-IVB when Saturn V production ended with just enough boosters for the lunar missions alone.</li></ul>

<p>In the meantime several of the Earth-orbit "checkout" missions for Apollo had been canceled, leaving a number of Saturn IBs unused. The plans were changed to use the S-IVB stage, used on both rockets, as the primary station structure. A modified S-IVB would be launched into orbit, the second stage carrying a docking module and large solar panels in the area normally carrying the <a href="Lunar_module" title="Lunar module">LM</a>. A CSM would then be able to dock with the second stage and enter the now-empty fuel tanks. It was also suggested that the Apollo Telescope and Survey Mission modules might be docked to the Wet Workshop to create a modular space station.

</p><p>The "Planetary Grand Tour" was moved to the <a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner program</a> as "Mariner Jupiter-Saturn", which was later calved off into the <a href="Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a>. Two probes were launched in 1977 on <a href="Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">Titan IIIE</a> rockets, with <i><a href="Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> completing the full Grand Tour in 1989.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skylab">Skylab</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></div>

<p>Originally, AAP missions would alternate with Apollo lunar missions, starting in 1969. However, when NASA's 1969 budget was cut, focus was shifted to the <a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> space station proposal, which managed to accommodate the equipment already specified for some of the AAP missions. Specifically, Skylab included the Apollo Telescope Mission (renamed the Apollo Telescope Mount) attached to the docking station used by the CSMs. Since the first two stages of the Saturn V had enough payload capability by themselves to place a pre-fabricated S-IVB workshop into the appropriate orbit, this enabled the "dry workshop" concept. This allowed the interior space to be better fitted out, although many design concepts from the "wet" workshop, notably the open flooring that allowed fuel to flow through it, were kept in Skylab.

</p><p>The concept of launching another Skylab into lunar orbit using a spare S-IVB was briefly discussed around the same time, but no justification could be found for it, so the project was abandoned early on.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project">Apollo-Soyuz Test Project</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo-Soyuz Test Project">Apollo-Soyuz Test Project</a></div>

<p>The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project involved a docking in Earth orbit between a CSM and a Soviet <a href="Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> spacecraft. The mission lasted from July 15 to July 24, 1975. Although the Soviet Union continued to operate the Soyuz and <a href="Salyut" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut">Salyut</a> space vehicles, NASA's next crewed mission would not be until <a href="STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a> on April 12, 1981.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_missions">Summary of missions</h2></div>

<th style="text-align:left;">U.S. Mission

</th>

<th>Booster

</th>

<th>Crew

</th>

<th>Launched

</th>

<th>Mission goal

</th>

<th>Mission result

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Skylab_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Skylab 1">Skylab 1</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>

</td>

<td>Uncrewed

</td>

<td>May 14, 1973

</td>

<td>Earth orbit

</td>

<td><span style="color:Green;">Partial success</span> - launch of Skylab, first US space station; micrometeoroid shield and one solar panel lost at launch, second jammed during deployment

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Skylab_2" title="Skylab 2">Skylab 2</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Saturn_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn 1B">Saturn 1B</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Charles "Pete" Conrad</a>, <a href="Paul_J._Weitz" title="Paul J. Weitz">Paul Weitz</a>, <a href="Joseph_P._Kerwin" title="Joseph P. Kerwin">Joseph Kerwin</a>

</td>

<td>May 25, 1973

</td>

<td>Space station mission

</td>

<td><span style="color:Green;">Success</span> - Apollo spacecraft takes first US crew to Skylab for a 28-day stay; freed stuck solar panel and deployed replacement sunshield

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Skylab_3" title="Skylab 3">Skylab 3</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Saturn_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn 1B">Saturn 1B</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a>, <a href="Jack_Lousma" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Lousma">Jack Lousma</a>, <a href="Owen_Garriott" title="Owen Garriott">Owen Garriott</a>

</td>

<td>July 28, 1973

</td>

<td>Space station mission

</td>

<td><span style="color:Green;">Success</span> - Apollo spacecraft takes second US crew to Skylab for a 59-day stay

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">Skylab 4</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Saturn_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn 1B">Saturn 1B</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Gerald_P._Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald P. Carr">Gerald Carr</a>, <a href="William_Pogue" title="William Pogue">William Pogue</a>, <a href="Edward_Gibson" title="Edward Gibson">Edward Gibson</a>

</td>

<td>November 16, 1973

</td>

<td>Space station mission

</td>

<td><span style="color:Green;">Success</span> - Apollo spacecraft takes third US crew to Skylab for an 84-day stay

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo-Soyuz Test Project</a> (ASTP)

</td>

<td><a href="Saturn_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn 1B">Saturn 1B</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas P. Stafford</a>, <a href="Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Vance D. Brand</a>, <a href="Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Donald K. "Deke" Slayton</a>

</td>

<td>July 15, 1975

</td>

<td>Earth orbit

</td>

<td><span style="color:Green;">Success</span> - Apollo spacecraft conducted rendezvous and docking exercises with Soviet <a href="Soyuz_19" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 19">Soyuz 19</a> in Earth orbit. Upon landing, the Apollo Spacecraft was filled with toxic gas but the crew survived.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPortree" class="citation magazine cs1">Portree, David S.F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2012/08/before-the-fire/">"Before the Fire: Saturn-Apollo Applications (1966)"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512111802/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4208/ch3.htm">"SP-4208 LIVING AND WORKING IN SPACE: A HISTORY OF SKYLAB; 3. APOLLO APPLICATIONS: "WEDNESDAY's CHILD""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.nasa.gov/SP-4208/ch3.htm">the original</a> on May 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBensonCompton1983">Benson & Compton (1983)</a>, pp. 20, 22.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeppenheimer1999">Heppenheimer (1999)</a>, p. 61.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19790072165_1979072165.pdf">TR-67-600-1-1 Manned Venus Flyby study - Feb. 1, 1967 (PDF format)</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apollo_Applications_Program" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications Program</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBensonCompton1983" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Charles Dunlap & Compton, William David (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4208/contents.htm"><i>Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab</i></a>. <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> Scientific and Technical Information Office. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8114293">8114293</a>. SP-4208.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHeppenheimer1999" class="citation book cs1">Heppenheimer, T. A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/contents.htm"><i>The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration History Office. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40305626">40305626</a>. SP-4221.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Skylab60" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab 1</a> (uncrewed)</li>

<li><a href="Skylab_2" title="Skylab 2">Skylab 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Skylab_3" title="Skylab 3">Skylab 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">Skylab 4</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br> <span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronauts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skylab 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a> (Commander)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_P._Kerwin" title="Joseph P. Kerwin">Joseph Kerwin</a> (Science Pilot)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_J._Weitz" title="Paul J. Weitz">Paul Weitz</a> (Pilot)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skylab 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a> (Commander)</li>

<li><a href="Owen_Garriott" title="Owen Garriott">Owen Garriott</a> (Science Pilot)</li>

<li><a href="Jack_R._Lousma" title="Jack R. Lousma">Jack Lousma</a> (Pilot)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skylab 4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gerald_Carr_(astronaut)" title="Gerald Carr (astronaut)">Gerald Carr</a> (Commander)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Gibson" title="Edward Gibson">Edward Gibson</a> (Science Pilot)</li>

<li><a href="William_Pogue" title="William Pogue">William Pogue</a> (Pilot)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contingencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Skylab_B" title="Skylab B">Skylab B</a></li>

<li><a href="Teleoperator_Retrieval_System" title="Teleoperator Retrieval System">Teleoperator Retrieval System</a></li>

<li><a href="Skylab_Rescue" title="Skylab Rescue">Skylab Rescue</a> (not flown)</li>

<li><a href="Skylab#Skylab_5" title="Skylab">Skylab 5</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skylab Rescue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Vance D. Brand</a> (Commander)</li>

<li><a href="Don_L._Lind" class="mw-redirect" title="Don L. Lind">Don L. Lind</a> (Pilot)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_C._Schneider" title="William C. Schneider">William C. Schneider</a> (Program director)</li>

<li><a href="Jack_Kinzler" title="Jack Kinzler">Jack Kinzler</a> (Parasol fix designer)</li>

<li><a href="Raymond_Loewy" title="Raymond Loewy">Raymond Loewy</a> (Habitability consultant)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo/Skylab_spacesuit" title="Apollo/Skylab spacesuit">Apollo/Skylab spacesuit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment" title="Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment">Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a></li>

<li><a href="Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li>

<li><a href="Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Skylab_4_human_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Skylab 4 human factors">Skylab 4 human factors</a></li>

<li><a href="Skylab_Medical_Experiment_Altitude_Test" title="Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test">Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test</a> (SMEAT)</li>

<li><a href="Wet_workshop" title="Wet workshop">Wet workshop</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Searching_for_Skylab" title="Searching for Skylab">Searching for Skylab</a></i> (2019 documentary)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apollo_program491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Apollo_program491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">List of missions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">canceled missions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch complexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_34" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 34">Launch Complex 34</a></li>

<li><a href="Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 37">Launch Complex 37</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center#Gemini_and_Apollo_(1965-1975)" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a>

<ul><li><a href="Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft and rover</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a><sup>†</sup></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a><sup>†</sup></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saturn<br>development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Saturn_I_SA-1" title="Saturn I SA-1">Saturn-Apollo 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Apollo_abort_modes" title="Apollo abort modes">Abort tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Pad_Abort_Test_1" title="Pad Abort Test 1">Pad Abort Test-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Pad_Abort_Test_2" title="Pad Abort Test 2">Pad Abort Test-2</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pegasus_(satellite)" title="Pegasus (satellite)">Pegasus</a> flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 8 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Genesis reading</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 11 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Command Module <i>Columbia</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module <i>Eagle</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_(lunar_crater)" title="Double (lunar crater)">Double crater</a></li>

<li><a href="Little_West_(lunar_crater)" title="Little West (lunar crater)">Little West crater</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Goodwill messages</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Lunar sample displays</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">Missing tapes</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Anniversaries</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins" title="Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins">50th Anniversary commemorative coins</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_in_popular_culture" title="Apollo 11 in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 12 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mare_Cognitum#Statio_Cognitum" title="Mare Cognitum">Statio Cognitum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_(crater)" title="Surveyor (crater)">Surveyor crater</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bench_Crater_meteorite" title="Bench Crater meteorite">Bench Crater meteorite</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Moon_Museum" title="Moon Museum">Moon Museum</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Reports_of_Streptococcus_mitis_on_the_Moon" title="Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon">Reports of <i>Streptococcus mitis</i> on the Moon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 13 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Houston%2C_we_have_a_problem" title="Houston, we have a problem">"Houston, we've had a problem"</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 14 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Modular_Equipment_Transporter" title="Modular Equipment Transporter">Modular Equipment Transporter</a></li>

<li><a href="Fra_Mauro_formation" title="Fra Mauro formation">Fra Mauro formation</a></li>

<li><a href="Big_Bertha_(lunar_sample)" title="Big Bertha (lunar sample)">Big Bertha</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 15 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Journey_of_Apollo_15_to_the_Moon" title="Journey of Apollo 15 to the Moon">Journey</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_15_operations_on_the_Lunar_surface" title="Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface">Lunar operations</a></li>

<li><a href="Solo_operations_of_Apollo_15" title="Solo operations of Apollo 15">Solo operations</a></li>

<li><a href="Return_of_Apollo_15_to_Earth" title="Return of Apollo 15 to Earth">Return to Earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine" title="Hadley–Apennine">Hadley–Apennine</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Scott_(lunar_sample)" title="Great Scott (lunar sample)">Great Scott</a></li>

<li><a href="Hadley_Rille_meteorite" title="Hadley Rille meteorite">Hadley Rille meteorite</a></li>

<li><a href="Seatbelt_basalt" title="Seatbelt basalt">Seatbelt basalt</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Postal covers incident</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 16 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Big_Muley" title="Big Muley">Big Muley</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 17 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracy's_Rock" title="Tracy's Rock">Tracy's Rock</a></li>

<li><a href="Nansen-Apollo_(crater)" title="Nansen-Apollo (crater)">Nansen-Apollo crater</a></li>

<li><a href="Shorty_(crater)" title="Shorty (crater)">Shorty crater</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Lunar sample display</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Troctolite_76535" title="Troctolite 76535">Troctolite 76535</a></li>

<li><a href="ALSE" title="ALSE">Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Fe%2C_Fi%2C_Fo%2C_Fum%2C_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><br>capsule use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">Lunar orbit rendezvous</a></li>

<li><a href="Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li>

<li><a href="Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failure or partial failure</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonization_of_the_Moon197" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Colonization_of_the_Moon197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Project_Horizon" title="Project Horizon">Project Horizon</a> (1960s)</li>

<li><a href="Lunex_Project" title="Lunex Project">Lunex Project</a> (1960s)</li>

<li>Lunox (1990s)</li>

<li><a href="Lunar_outpost_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar outpost (NASA)">Lunar Outpost</a> (2000s)</li>

<li><a href="Artemis_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis Program">Artemis Base Camp</a> (2030s)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet and<br>Russian projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda moonbase</a> (1960s)</li>

<li>KLE Complex Lunar Expedition (1970s)</li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Expeditionary_Complex" title="Lunar Expeditionary Complex">Lunar Expeditionary Complex</a> (1970s)</li>

<li><a href="Energia_Lunar_Expedition" title="Energia Lunar Expedition">Energia Lunar Expedition</a> (1980s)</li>

<li><a href="Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Lunny Poligon</a> (2030s)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese and<br>Russian project</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (late 2020s)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="Man_Will_Conquer_Space_Soon!" title="Man Will Conquer Space Soon!">Man Will Conquer Space Soon!</a>" (1950s)</li>

<li><a href="Artemis_Project" title="Artemis Project">Artemis Project</a> (1990s)</li>

<li><a href="Human_Lunar_Return_study" title="Human Lunar Return study">Human Lunar Return</a> (1990s)</li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Base</a> (2030s)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sinus_Roris" title="Sinus Roris">Sinus Roris</a></li>

<li><a href="Eratosthenes_(crater)" title="Eratosthenes (crater)">Eratosthenes</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinus_Medii" title="Sinus Medii">Sinus Medii</a></li>

<li><a href="Montes_Apenninus" title="Montes Apenninus">Montes Apenninus</a></li>

<li><a href="Kepler_(lunar_crater)" title="Kepler (lunar crater)">Kepler</a></li>

<li><a href="Shackleton_(crater)" title="Shackleton (crater)">Shackleton</a></li>

<li><a href="Peary_(crater)" title="Peary (crater)">Peary</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Moonbase" title="Moonbase">Moonbase</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Tourism on the Moon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="NASA578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br>(<a href="Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li>

<li><a href="Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li>

<li><a href="Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li>

<li><a href="Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="President's_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a>

<ul><li><a href="Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a>

<ul><li><a href="NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br>programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li>

<li><a href="Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li>

<li><a href="MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Surveyor_'98" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li>

<li><a href="Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li>

<li><a href="Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br> <a href="List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br>(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li>

<li><a href="GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li>

<li><a href="LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li>

<li><i><a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li>

<li><a href="Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li>

<li><i><a href="InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br>operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope"><i>Hubble</i> Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory"><i>Chandra</i> X-ray Observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li>

<li><a href="THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a></i></li>

<ul><li><a href="Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope"><i>James Webb</i> Space Telescope</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope"><i>Nancy Grace Roman</i> Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><i><a href="DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br>and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a>

<li><a href="List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br>and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i>

<li><i><a href="Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li>

<li><a href="List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Astronaut_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a>

<ul><li><a href="Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li>

<li><a href="Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li>

<li><a href="Fe%2C_Fi%2C_Fo%2C_Fum%2C_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li>

<li><a href="Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</p></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Apollo_Applications_Program&oldid=1278000679">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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